Professional footballers’ use of snus, a tobacco product in a sachet that releases nicotine into the bloodstream, is on the rise, according to a new survey by Loughborough University commissioned by the Professional Footballers’ Association (PFA). The study revealed that almost one in five male players currently use snus or nicotine pouches, with nearly half expressing a desire to quit within the next year. Additionally, two out of five players reported having tried snus at least once. However, the actual figures are likely higher due to players potentially being hesitant to disclose their use of snus in an anonymous survey.
The survey, which included 628 male players from Premier League and EFL clubs, as well as 51 Women’s Super League players, highlighted that 18% of male respondents currently use snus, while 42% have tried it at least once. Among female players, the figures were 22% and 39% respectively. The study also conducted interviews with 16 professional club performance and medical staff to gain further insights.
Snus is illegal to be sold in the United Kingdom but not against the law to use, while tobacco-free nicotine pouches are legal. Most players in the survey reported using nicotine pouches rather than tobacco-based snus, although they often referred to nicotine pouches as “snus.”
When asked about the reasons for using snus, 29% of men and 55% of women cited improved mental readiness as the key benefit. In terms of specific effects experienced, 56% of men and 36% of women said snus helped them relax. Players commonly use snus after training sessions and matches as a coping mechanism. The survey also revealed that snus is used as an appetite suppressant, with many players starting to use the product to fit in with their more senior teammates.
However, the report also highlighted potential negative impacts associated with snus use. Available evidence suggests that snus is linked to an increased risk of oesophagus and pancreatic cancer compared to non-smokers, as well as an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. There is also a strong association between snus use and mouth lesions. Despite these risks, the majority of players in the survey reported not having received any education about snus.
The survey found that over half of male users (53%) and almost three-quarters of female users (73%) displayed elements of nicotine dependence, such as cravings and using without awareness or intention. Withdrawal symptoms reported included anxiety, irritability, and restlessness. Additionally, the study highlighted the risk of an adverse anti-doping finding if snus products have been contaminated.
The report concludes by recommending personalized external support for players seeking help with snus addiction, as club bans have proven ineffective in deterring use. Dr Michael Bennett, the PFA’s director of player wellbeing, emphasized the importance of this research in helping players, clubs, and medical staff make informed decisions about snus use. He noted that many players turn to substances like snus as a coping mechanism but may not be fully aware of its effects and addictive qualities.
Dr Daniel Read, lead researcher and lecturer at Loughborough University London, highlighted that snus and tobacco-free nicotine pouch use among professional footballers is higher than in the general UK population. These products are often used by players to relax and manage stress. The findings from this study shed light on a growing issue within professional football and call for increased awareness and support for players struggling with snus addiction.